Don’t trade “losing one kidney is no big deal” for cash: the remaining kidney has to do the work of two, and 86% of kidney sellers later say their health got worse

Cost: No cost at all. It simply requires a clear look at the facts.
In plain terms: First, consider the best-case scenario: legitimate donors who pass rigorous screening and receive post‑surgery follow‑up. In U.S. data from nearly 96,000 donors, only 31 per 10,000 developed end‑stage renal disease within 15 years after donation. Among equally healthy, eligible non‑donors, that figure was just 4 per 10,000. On the other side, a study of 305 kidney sellers in India found that six years later, 86% reported poorer health, and three‑quarters still carried debt. Legitimate donors get screening and monitoring; kidney sellers get none of that.
Benefit: U.S. researchers compared 96,217 living kidney donors with 20,024 similarly healthy non‑donors drawn from the NHANES III survey. After 15 years, the estimated risk of developing end‑stage renal disease (ESRD) was 30.8 per 10,000 donors (95% CI 24.3–38.5) versus 3.9 per 10,000 non‑donors (95% CI 0.8–8.9; P<0.001). Over a lifetime, ESRD risk was 90 per 10,000 donors, 14 per 10,000 non‑donors, and 326 per 10,000 in the general population. A Norwegian study of 1,901 donors (median follow‑up 15.1 years) showed a 30% higher overall mortality (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.11–1.52), a 40% higher cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03–1.91), and roughly tenfold higher ESRD risk (HR 11.38, 95% CI 4.37–29.6). Among 3,698 U.S. donors, 11 developed ESRD — an incidence of 180 per million person‑years, compared with 268 per million in the general population. Of those re‑examined after an average of 12.2 years, 255 remained healthy, and 85.5% retained a glomerular filtration rate of at least 60 ml/min/1.73 m², the clinical lower limit of normal. Hypertension affected 32.1% and proteinuria 12.7%. In Chennai, India, 96% of 305 kidney sellers acted to pay debts; they received an average of $1,070. Six years post‑surgery, family income fell by one‑third (P<0.001), poverty rose, and three‑quarters remained indebted; 86% said health worsened, and 79% would not recommend kidney selling to others. The absolute numbers from these studies are 32,621 donors, 24.9 years of follow‑up, 302 ESRD cases, and 9.2 years of average follow‑up after surgery.
Evidence grade: A
Sources:Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, Montgomery RA, McBride MA, Wainright JL, Segev DL (2014). Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation. JAMA, 311(6), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.285141；Mjøen G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. (2014). Long-term risks for kidney donors. Kidney International, 86(1), 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.460；Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L, et al. (2009). Long-term consequences of kidney donation. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 459-469. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804883；Goyal M, Mehta RL, Schneiderman LJ, Sehgal AR (2002). Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. JAMA, 288(13), 1589-1593. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.13.1589
Notes: Controversy exists: Ibrahim’s study used ordinary citizens as controls and found no difference in survival or ESRD risk between donors and non‑donors. Muzaale and Mjøen compared donors to equally healthy, eligible non‑donors and found markedly higher risks. The disagreement concerns the control group, not the donors themselves. All three studies agree that absolute risks remain low (30.8 per 10,000 over 15 years). Thus the key points are two: first, the remaining kidney does bear extra strain, as shown by higher rates of hypertension and proteinuria; second, these figures apply only to donors who undergo pre‑ and post‑operative screening and medical care — conditions absent for illegal kidney sellers, whose outcomes differ sharply according to Indian follow‑up data. Original studies provide only self‑reported health decline, proteinuria, hypertension, and ESRD rates; no figures on bed‑bound status are included here. Legal restrictions on organ sales, fines, and criminal penalties for relatives are detailed in Section 9, Article 22. Dialysis patients may use cross‑regional settlement and long‑term medication programs described in Section 16, Articles 1 and 2.